education

Beyond Formal Thought Perry’s students indeed moved from seeing a world marked by absolute standards and values to one where diverse societies, cultures, and val- ues could be endorsed equally. How- ever, it is difficult to discern whether changes are due to natural maturation or, because Perry studied college stu- dents, if the environment specifically […]

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Although the distinction among Piaget’s stages epitomizes discontinuity, the processes of assimilation and accommodation are more continuous. There is a constant adjustment in emphasis between them. Furthermore, over time the balance between them changes. Accord- ing to Piaget, when children are able to incorporate new information about the world into

Summary of Key Concepts Nature, Nurture, and Intelligence • The ability to retain information is an important part of what we refer to as intel- ligence. Traditionally, psychologists have viewed intelligence as innate, and twin studies also suggest a strong biological component to intelligence. However, psychol- ogists have determined that the environment (e.g., family, schooling,

Fluid and crystallized intelligence Although fluid intelligence begins to decline relatively early, crystallized intelligence continues to increase with age. What kinds of implications does this pattern have for overall competence and intelligence? Source: Adapted from Baltes, P. B., Staudinger, U. M., & Lindenberger, U. (1999). Lifespan psychology: Theory and application to intellectual functioning. Annual Review

The Influence of Advancing Age on Cognition According to data from the SLS, between the ages of 60 and 74, nearly all of us will show sta- tistically significant reductions in abilities, though again, there is no universal pattern of cog- nitive decay. Even an expected comprehensive decline over the 7 years between age 74

The Influence of Advancing Age on Cognition The Seattle Longitudinal Study The Seattle Longitudinal Study (SLS), introduced in Chapter 2, has been a particularly valu- able source of information regarding adult cognition. In a continuing long-term research proj- ect of about 6,000 men and women that began in 1956, changes in cognitive abilities have been

In what ways do these concepts include reasoning and understanding? The Influence of Advancing Age on Cognition need solutions. Their minds often skip steps that a novice would normally follow, or they twist a step in a unique way. Experts cannot always explain how they came to use a creative solution; they just knew to

Components of emotional intelligence Component Description Example Empathy When we show compassion and empathy we demonstrate the ability to understand motiva- tions and feelings of others. This facilitates emotional connections and drives intimate relationships. Limiting distractions when providing attention to someone who needs sup- port; communicating at a later time to follow up. Motivation A

Other Types of Intelligence One specific example of this dichotomy is the way that math is usually taught in schools. In algebra, for instance, students ordinarily memorize step-by-step processes so that they can demonstrate a particular skill. In this process, creative ways to solve problems are frowned upon. In fact, even if an answer is

Triarchic Model of Intelligence 9.5 Triarchic Model of Intelligence Like the multiple intelligences concept, Robert Sternberg (1984, 2008) theorizes that intel- ligence is not a single mental function; rather, it is made up of three interacting components. Sternberg’s triarchic model of intelligence consists of parts related to traditional analyti- cal intelligence, practical intelligence, and creative