criminal

The Interrogation Process and Miranda Learning Objective 7: Explain why the U.S. Supreme Court established the Miranda warning. Learning Objective 8: Indicate situations in which a Miranda warning is unnecessary. A. The Legal Basis for Miranda i. Fifth Amendment guarantees protection against self-incrimination ii. A defendant’s choice not to provide information cannot be interpreted as […]

Elements of an Arrest i. The state of being under arrest depends not only on the actions of the law enforcement officers but also on the perception of the suspect ii. Four elements are necessary for an arrest to take place a. The intent to arrest b. The authority to arrest c. Seizure or detention

Stops and Frisks Learning Objective 5: Distinguish between a stop and a frisk, and indicate the importance of the case Terry v. Ohio. A. Defining Reasonable Suspicion i. When reasonable suspicion exists, police officers are well within their rights to stop and frisk a suspect ii. Police Discretion a. Terry v. Ohio (1968) b. Detective

Electronic Surveillance During the course of a criminal investigation, law enforcement officers may decide to use electronic surveillance or electronic devices such as wiretaps or hidden microphones to monitor and record conversations, observe movement, and trace or record telephone calls i. Basic Rules: Consent and Probable Cause a. Recorded conversations are inadmissible as evidence unless

POLICE AND THE CONSTITUTION: THE RULES OF LAW ENFORCEMENT LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, students should be able to: 1. Outline the four major sources that may provide probable cause. 2. Explain the exclusionary rule and the exceptions to it. 3. Explain when searches can be made without a warrant. 4. Describe the plain

Ethics in Law Enforcement i. Ethical Dilemmas a. Majority of ethical dilemmas a police officer will face are not “clear-cut” b. Incidents of an ethical dilemma 1. When an officer does not know the right course of action 2. If an officer has difficulty in doing what he or she considers to be right 3.

Types of Corruption a. Bribery takes place when a police officer accepts money or other payments in exchange for “favors” b. Shakedowns occur when an officer attempts to coerce money or other goods form a citizen or criminal c. Mooching takes place when a police officer accepts “gifts” such as cigarettes, liquor, or services in

Police Misconduct and Ethics Learning Objective 7: Explain why police officers are allowed discretionary powers. Learning Objective 8: Explain what an ethical dilemma is, and name four categories of ethical dilemmas that a police officer typically may face. i. Police officers have freedom to decide “what law to enforce, how much to enforce it, against

Police Subculture Values and perceptions shared by members of a police department, which are shaped by unique existence of the police officer and taught to new members i. Socialization of a rookie police officer begins on the first day of the job through learning of values and rules of police work a. Attending a police

Predictive Policing and Crime Mapping i. While the evidence for general patrol is inconclusive, the evidence for the effectiveness of directed patrol is quite strong ii. Finding “Hot Spots” a. The target areas of directed patrol are often called “hot spots” because of their high levels of criminal activity b. Focusing on hot spots can