No Links Between Offender Characteristics and Crime Behaviors
A second tenet that intermittently appears to be conveyed in the literature associated with homology research is the proposition that studies have failed to demonstrate pat- terns and/or relationships between behavioral features typically exhibited in crimes and offender characteristics.
As previously indicated, part of the intended purpose of this article is to appraise more broadly the extant literature. Accordingly, when reflecting upon this tenet, read- ers may consider examining research relating to patterns in rapists such as Davies, Wittebrood, and Jackson (1997); Groth, Burgess, and Holmstrom (1977); Hazelwood and Warren (1989a, 1989b, 1990); Hazelwood, Dietz, and Warren (1992); House (1997); Knight, Warren, Reboussin, and Soley (1998); Prentky, Cohen, and Seghorn (1985); and Warren et al. (1999) as to whether such literature provides any indications of relationships between behavioral features and offender characteristics. Beyond studies examining rape, there are also those involving other crime modalities such as, but not limited to, Canter and Fritzon (1998); Chan and Heide (2008); Gerard, Mormont, and Kocsis (2007); Godwin (2000); Gratzer and Bradford (1995); Hakkanen (2007, 2008); Hakkanen, Lindlof, and Santtila (2004); Hakkanen, Puolakka, and Santtila (2004); Hakkanen, Tijhonen, Lindberg, Salenius, and Weizmann (2009);
318 International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology 59(3)
Myers, Burgess, and Nelson (1998); Safarik, Jarvis, and Nussbaum (2002); Santtila, Hakkanen, Alison, and Whyre (2003); and Santtila, Hakkanen, Canter, and Elfgren (2003). In addition, the studies by Kocsis and Cooksey (2002), Kocsis, Cooksey, and Irwin (2002), and Kocsis, Irwin, and Cooksey (2002) also sought to develop concep- tual models to assist with profiling offences in crime modalities such as sexual murder as well as serial rape and arson (further elaborated upon in Kocsis, 2006a). Once again, these studies also appear to be suggestive of identified relationships between offender characteristics and crime behaviors.