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Work in the coal breakers is exceedingly hard and dangerous Crouched over the chutes, the boys sit hour after hour, picking out the pieces of slate and other refuse from the coal as it rushes past to the washers. From the cramped position they have to assume, most of them become more or less deformed […]

Children at Work Industrial growth in the late nineteenth century had an impact on working children. Note what these sources reveal about the numbers of children work- ing full time and about the conditions under which they labored. 11 Gainful Workers by Age, 1870–1920 (In thousands of persons 10 years old and over) Age (in

Industrialization and the Condition of Labor44 is put down beside the machine and as soon as a skirt is done it is laid on the other side of the machine. Sometimes the work is not all finished by six o’clock and then the one who is behind must work overtime. . . . The machines

Work in a Garment Factory (1902) At seven o’clock we all sit down to our machines and the boss brings each one the pile of work that he or she is to finish during the day. . . . This pile Source: Joshua Freeman et al., Who Built America? Working People and the Nation’s Economy,

Using Primary Sources: Industrialization and the Condition of Labor42 9 By the turn of the twentieth century, the American Federation of Labor was the dominant labor union in the country. Its aim was to win gains for skilled workers, who were overwhelmingly white, native-born males. In this source, one AF of L official discusses the

Opening Address by Miss Phelps Miss Phelps said: the subject of this meeting is to bring out the purpose of the peti- tion just read, and the facts whereon it is based. We do not think the men of Mas- sachusetts know how the women live. We do not think if they did they would

Women at Work By 1900, five million of the twenty-five million Americans in the work force were women, most of whom worked at wages far below those of male workers. Note what the following sources reveal about the conditions confronting many female wage earners. How do they compare to conditions confronting male workers? 7 In

Using Primary Sources: Industrialization and the Condition of Labor38 to seek employment in other mills governed by the Amalgamated, while the men did not openly refuse to work with them, they managed always to find some pretext or excuse to keep from employing them. Now, Mr. Editor, I am not opposed to organized labor. God

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