The Vrooms Model of Expectancy – Theory paper
Name
Institution
Course
Instructor
Date
The Vroom’s Model of Expectancy – Theory paper
Motivation is a vital aspect of any organization, and organizations must ensure that it is kept high. High motivation confers a high-performance level. However, the question of telling how much motivation is high and which level is low is difficult to answer (Sinha, 2022). Vroom tries to address this problem in his Expectancy Theory by developing a formula to calculate motivation force. This paper will elaborate on the essential aspects of Vroom’s Expectancy Theory.
Vroom’s Model of Expectancy Theory Explanation
According to Vroom’s Expectancy Theory, three things motivate people to undertake their duties, including a belief in one’s ability to achieve a set objective by working hard, trust that a subsequent reward is certain after completing the job, and if the reward is of acceptable value (Sinha, 2022). People use this criterion to choose what they want to do, and this, in turn, leads to higher motivation and better performance. Vroom further postulates that three factors, including Expectancy, Instrumentality, and Valence can be used to measure this motivation (Lloyd & Mertens, 2018).
Here, expectancy is the belief that performance increases with the increase of effort. This means, that if one works harder, the performance will be better. Instrumentality describes the belief that good performance results in a valued outcome (Lloyd & Mertens, 2018). It’s a belief that doing good leads to a valuable reward as promised by the management. Valence describes the importance people place on the expected reward. It is used to describe the depths of the importance of the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards associated with any job (Zboja, Jackson, & Grimes-Rose, 2020).
How Vroom’s Model Measures Motivation
Vroom holds that motivation is a function of valence, instrumentality, and expectancy. Vroom’s formula for motivational force is Valence x Expectancy x Instrumentality. The valency is positive if one prefers attaining to not attaining the outcome, zero when one is indifferent, and negative when one does not prefer attaining the outcome. Expectancy is measured on a scale of 0 to 1 because it’s a probability (Sinha, 2022). A zero expectancy begets no effort, while a higher expectancy confers more effort to attain the outcome. Instrumentality is also a probability ranging from 0 to 1. Motivation force is highest when all the factors are high and reduces as one or more of the factors approach zero (Sinha, 2022).
The Role of Valence Regarding Motivation and How It Can Assist with Staffing Issues in An Organization
Valence helps determine the attractiveness or repulsiveness of an outcome to an individual. Low valence shows that the strength of preference of a reward an individual anticipates is very low (Lloyd & Mertens, 2018). Such information is essential for an organization to know whether employees prefer a promised reward or not. If not, the management must act quickly to change the reward or adjust it to suit employees’ preferences before it demotivates them (Zboja, Jackson, & Grimes-Rose, 2020). Measuring valency ensures that it is maintained high to keep employees motivated.
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory is worth consideration for any organization that hopes to keep employees’ motivation high. Vroom asserts that motivation does not stand on its own but is influenced by other factors, including expectancy, valency, and instrumentality. Organizations can therefore make deliberate moves to ensure that each factor is maintained at a high level to ensure a high level of motivation. As such, it is vital for managers to employ Vroom’s Expectancy Theory in their endeavors to ensure that employees are kept motivated.
References
Lloyd, R., & Mertens, D. (2018). Expecting more out of expectancy theory: History urges inclusion of the social context. International Management Review, 14(1), 28-43. http://americanscholarspress.us/journals/IMR/pdf/IMR-1-2018/IMR-v1-n1-2018-4-19.pdf#page=28
Sinha, K. (2022). Vroom’s Expectancy Theory of Motivation (With Diagram). Your Article Library. https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/organization/motivation-organization/vrooms-expectancy-theory-of-motivation-with-diagram/63892
Zboja, J. J., Jackson, R. W., & Grimes-Rose, M. (2020). An expectancy theory perspective of volunteerism: the roles of powerlessness, attitude toward charitable organizations, and attitude toward helping others. International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing, 17(4), 493-507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-020-00260-5