I already submitted this assignment that I had you assist me with. It is not correct as it seems the situation class wide! I included the updated requests along with the original paper. I also included her example which is nothing like the instructions. Thanks again for your help. Lifestyle changes, fall prevention, anything along those lines would be awesome! I added more pages so to be covered, probably will have plenty. If not I will pay the difference.
Health Promotion Table
Nursing 640
| Age Group | Risk Factors | Primary Prevention Activities | Secondary Prevention Activities | Common Tertiary Prevention Activities
|
Health Promotion Education and Lifestyle Intervention Considerations |
| 18-25
Early adult- hood
|
1. Early pregnancy and Childbirth (World Health Organization (WHO), 2016).
2. HIV (WHO, 2016). 3. Infectious diseases, sexually transmitted infections (STI) (WHO, 2016). 4. Mental health issues (WHO, 2016). 5. Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) (WHO, 2016). 6. Alcohol, drugs, and tobacco (WHO, 2016). 7. Injuries (WHO, 2016). 8. Malnutrition and obesity (WHO, 2016). 9. Physical inactivity (WHO, 2016). 10. Iron deficiency anemia (WHO, 2016). 11. Skin cancer (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 12. Financial burden with health care costs (Healthy People, 2017). 13. HTN (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), 2014). 14. Influenza (Heflin, 2017).
|
Immunizations 1. Influenza vaccine yearly (CDC, 2017). 2. Substitute Tdap once, then td booster q 10 years (CDC, 2017). 3. MMR 1-2 doses (CDC, 2017). 4. VAR if not immune (CDC, 2017). 5. HPV in both male and female (CDC, 2017). 6. PCV13, PPCV23 with Comorbidities (CDC, 2017). 7. Special Populations: Hep A, HepB, MenACWY/MPSV4, Men B, HIb (CDC, 2017).
· Folic acid supplementation (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). · Contraception and family planning services (WHO, 2016). · Use/access to condoms (WHO, 2016). · Tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug cessation (WHO, 2016). · Health eating and physical activity plan (WHO, 2016). · Hand washing (CDC, 2017).
|
Screenings 1. Alcohol abuse AUDIT or CAGE (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 2. BRCA if FH of breast, ovarian, or other BRCA cancer (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 3. Yearly physical BP and BMI monitoring (USPSTF, 2014). 4. Pap smear every 3 years starting at age 21 or pap and HPV every 5 years (USPSTF, 2014). 5. IPV (USPSTF, 2014). 6. STI/HIVscreen in high-risk sexually active male and females. Nucleic acid amplification test, urine, and or vaginal swab (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 7. Depression screening: Patient health questionnaire (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 8. FBS for those at risk. BP>135/80(American Diabetes Association (ADA), 2016). 9. Gestational DM at 24-28 gestation (ADA, 2016). 10. Syphilis test if at risk (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 11. Syphilis-1st OB visit, UA in pregnant women 12-16 weeks (USPSTF, 2014). 12. Latent TB, those at risk (homeless, corrections, counties with high prevalence (USPSTF, 2014).
|
Support groups 1. AA meetings (WHO, 2016). 2. Cancer support groups (WHO, 2016). 3. Violence support groups (WHO, 2016).
Prompt diagnosis and monitoring of disease states within practice guidelines
Referrals to specialist care (Pacala, 2013). · Endocrinology · Cardiology · Hematology/Oncology · Infectious disease · OB/GYN (Etc.)
1. Genetic counseling if BRCA positive (USPSTF, 2014). 2. Case management or mental health admission for depression (USPSTF, 2014). 3. Diet teaching if at a disease state, low salt, diabetic, etc. (USPSTF, 2014). 4. Physical therapy or Occupational therapy
|
1. Moderate intensity exercise for at least 2 hours and 30 minutes a week and two days a week of muscle strengthening (CDC, 2015). 2. Use of sunscreen and minimize exposure to ultraviolet radiation (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 3. Use of condoms (WHO,2016) 4. STI counseling (USPSTF, 2014). 5. Seatbelt and helmet use (Healthy People, 2017). 6. Promote and support breast-feeding (USPSTF, 2014). 7. Behavioral counseling for those with alcohol problems (USPSTF, 2014). 8. Dental exam, eye exams, smoke detectors and seat belt use (Medline Plus, 2017). 9. Smoking cessation counseling (USPSTF, 2014). 10. Healthful diet if BMI elevated or CVD risk (USPSTF, 2014).
|
| Age Group | Risk Factors | Primary Prevention Activities | Secondary Prevention Activities | Common Tertiary Prevention Activities
|
Health Promotion Education and Lifestyle Intervention Considerations |
| 25-35
Young Adults
|
1. CervicalCancer (AHRQ, n.d.). 2. HIV (AHRQ, n.d.). 3. HTN (AHRQ, n.d.). 4. Infectious diseases 5. Alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug (AHRQ, n.d.). 6. Obesity & overweight (AHRQ, n.d.). 7. Intimate partner violence (AHRQ, n.d.). 8. STI (AHRQ,n.d.). 9. Depression (AHRQ, n.d.). 10. Poor diet (AHRQ, n.d.). 11. Lack of Exercise (AHRQ, n.d.). 12. Neural tube defect (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 13. Diabetes mellitus (DM) 2, esp if BP >135/80 (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 14. Skin Cancer (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017).
|
Immunizations
1. Influenza vaccine yearly (CDC, 2017). 2. Td booster (CDC, 2017). 3. Check for previous record of MMR, VAR (CDC, 2017) 4. HPV if not received up to age 26 in male and female (CDC, 2017 5. PCV13, PPCV23 with Comorbidities (CDC, 2017). 6. Special Populations: Hep A, HepB, MenACWY/MPSV4, Men B, HIb (CDC, 2017).
· Folic acid supplementation in childbearing age women (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). · Contraception and family planning services (WHO, 2016). · Use/access to condoms (WHO, 2016). · Tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug cessation (WHO, 2016). · Healthy eating and physical activity plan (WHO, 2016). 6. Hand washing (CDC, 2017).
|
Screenings
1. Alcohol abuse AUDIT or CAGE (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 2. BRCA if FH of breast, ovarian, or other BRCA cancer (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 3. Yearly physical, BP and BMI monitoring (USPSTF, 2014). 4. IPV (USPSTF, 2014). 5. Cervical cancer screen every 3 years or pap and HPV every 5 years (USPSTF, 2014). 6. STI/HIV screen in high-risk sexually active male and females. Nucleic acid amplification test, urine, and or vaginal swab (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 7. Depression screening: Patient health questionnaire (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 8. FBS for those at risk.BP >135/80 (ADA, 2016). 9. Gestational DM at 24-28 gestation (ADA, 2016). 10. Syphilis-1st OB visit, UA in pregnant women 12-16 weeks (USPSTF, 2014). 11. Lipids (USPTF, 2014). 12. Latent TB, those at risk (homeless, corrections, counties with high prevalence (USPSTF, 2014).
|
Support Groups
1. AA meetings (WHO, 2016). 2. Cancer support groups (WHO, 2016). 3. Violence support groups (WHO, 2016).
Prompt diagnosis and monitoring of disease states within practice guidelines
Referrals to specialist care (Pacala, 2013). · Cardiology · Endocrinology · Infectious diseases · OB/GYN (Etc).
1. Genetic counseling if BRCA positive (USPSTF, 2014). 2. Physical therapy or occupational therapy 3. Case management or mental health admission for depression (USPSTF, 2014). 4. Diet teaching if disease state, Low salt, diabetic, etc. (USPSTF, 2014).
|
1. Moderate intensity exercise for at least 2 hours and 30 minutes a week and two days a week of muscle strengthening (CDC, 2015). 2. Promote and support breastfeeding (USPSTF, 2014). 3. Use of sunscreen and minimize exposure to ultraviolet radiation (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 4. Promote safe sex practices and use of barriers (WHO, 2016). 5. STI counseling (USPSTF, 2014). 6. Behavioral counseling for those with alcohol problems (USPSTF, 2014). 7. Dental exam, eye exams, smoke detectors and seat belt use (Medline Plus, 2017). 8. Smoking cessation counseling (USPSTF, 2014). 9. Healthful diet if BMI elevated or CVD risk (USPSTF, 2014).
|
| Age Group | Risk Factors | Primary Prevention Activities | Secondary Prevention Activities | Common Tertiary Prevention Activities
|
Health Promotion Education and Lifestyle Intervention Considerations |
| 35-65
Middle Adults
|
The following are from (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 1. Myocardial Infarction 2. Neural tube defects 3. Breast cancer 4. Alcohol abuse 5. Cervical cancer 6. STI 7. Depression 8. Diabetes type 2 9. HBV/HCV 10. HTN 11. High cholesterol 12. Intimate partner violence- Childbearing age 13. Lung Cancer (55 and older) 30 pack year 14. Obesity and overweight 15. Skin Cancer 16. Syphilis Tobacco abuse 17. Colorectal cancer 18. HIV 19. Hepatitis C (1945-1975) (USPSTF, 2014).
|
Immunizations
1. Influenza vaccine yearly (CDC, 2017). 2. Td booster (CDC, 2017). 3. Check for MMR and VAR (CDC, 2017) 4. Age 60: HZV (CDC, 2017) 5. PCV13, PPCV23 with Comorbidities (CDC, 2017). 6. Special Populations: Hep A, HepB, MenACWY/MPSV4, Men B, HIb (CDC, 2017). · Folic acid supplementation until menopause (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). · Tamoxifen/raloxifene High risk for BC (USPSTF, 2014). · ASA use (USPSTF, 2014). Men 45-79 y/o Women 55-79 y/o · Hand washing (CDC, 2017). · Healthy eating and physical activity plan (WHO, 2016).
|
Screenings
1. Mammography 50-74y/o every 2 years (USPSTF, 2014). 2. Cervical Cancer screen every 3 years until 65 (STI screen in high-risk sexually active male and females. (USPSTF, 2014). 3. FOBT yearly, Colonscopy every 10 years starting at 50 years (USPSTF, 2014). 4. FBS for those at risk.BP >135/80 (ADA, 2016). 5. Gestational DM at 24-28 gestation (ADA, 2016). 6. Yearly physical, BP, BMI monitoring, depression (USPSTF, 2014). 7. IPV (USPSTF, 2014). 8. STI/HIV if high risk (USPSTF, 2014). 9. Syphilis-1st OB visit, UA in pregnant women 12-16 weeks(USPSTF, 2014 10. Lipids (USPTF, 2014). 11. Low dose CT scan, smokers (USPSTF, 2014). 12. Hepatitis C (USPSTF, 2014). 13. DEXA scan if 10 year => 65y/o (USPSTF, 2014). 14. Latent TB, those at risk (homeless, corrections, counties with high prevalence (USPSTF, 2014). 15. Vision Screening (CDC, 2016). African American – 40y/o Others at 60 y/o USPTF states I recommendation and AA at 50 y/o.
Aspirin use in those with CAD (USPSTF, 2014)
|
Support groups
1. AA meetings (WHO, 2016). 2. Cancer support groups (WHO, 2016). 3. Cardiac rehab (ACC, 2016). 4. Violence support groups (WHO, 2016).
Referrals to specialist care (Pacala, 2013). • Endocrinology · Cardiology · Hematology/Oncology • Infectious disease • OB/GYN (Etc.)
Prompt diagnosis and monitoring of disease states within practice guidelines
1. Genetic counseling if BRCA positive (USPSTF, 2014). 2. Physical therapy and/or occupational therapy 3. Case management or mental health admission for depression (USPSTF, 2014). 3. Disease specific diet teaching, only if applicable (Cardiac, Diabetic, etc.) (USPSTF, 2014).
|
1. Moderate intensity exercise for at least 2 hours and 30 minutes a week and two days a week of muscle strengthening (CDC, 2015). 2. Promote and support breastfeeding (USPSTF, 2014). 3. Behavioral counseling for those with alcohol problems (USPSTF, 2014). 4. STI counseling (USPSTF, 2014). 5. Dental exam, eye exams, smoke detectors and seat belt use (Medline Plus, 2017). 6. Smoking cessation counseling (USPSTF, 2014). 7. Use of sunscreen and minimize exposure to ultraviolet radiation (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 8. Healthful diet if BMI elevated or CVD risk (USPSTF, 2014).
|
| Age Group | Risk Factors | Primary Prevention Activities | Secondary Prevention Activities | Common Tertiary Prevention Activities
|
Health Promotion Education and Lifestyle Intervention Considerations |
| 65-80
Older Adults
|
1. Osteoporosis (Heflin, 2017).
2. Vision impairment 3. Hearing loss (Heflin, 2017). 4. Poor nutrition (Heflin, 2017). 5. Falls (Heflin, 2017). 6. Incontinence (Heflin, 2017). 7. Multiple medications/reactions (Heflin, 2017). 8. Driving impairment (Heflin, 2017). 9. Elder abuse (Heflin, 2017). 10. AAA (Heflin 2017). 11. Hyperlipidemia (Heflin, 2017). 12. Lung Cancer (Heflin, 2017). 13. Colon Cancer (Heflin, 2017). 14. HTN (USPSTF, 2014). 15. Risk of influenza and pneumococcal disease (Heflin, 2017). 16. Hearing loss (LeWine, 2013). 17. Polypharmacy (Woodruff, 2010). 18. Hepatitis C (1945-1975) (USPSTF, 2014).
|
Immunizations
1. Influenza vaccine yearly (CDC, 2017). 2. Td booster (CDC, 2017). 3. Offer HCV if not previously given (CDC, 2017) 4. PCV13 (CDC, 2017). 5. PPCV23 (CDC, 2017). 6. Special Populations: Hep A, HepB, MenACWY/MPSV4, Men B, HIb (CDC, 2017). · ASA use (USPSTF, 2014). Men 45-79 y/o Women 55-79 y/o · Vitamin D supplementation/Fall Risk (USPSTF, 2014). · Hand washing (CDC, 2017). · Healthy eating and physical activity plan (WHO, 2016). · SERMS- high risk for BC, if life expectancy >10y (USPSTF, 2014). · Prevention Education (Pacala, 2013). Cardiovascular Maintenance of healthy weight, avoidance of trans fat in diet. Cancer Decrease smoked cured meat intake, sunscreen. Osteoporosis Limit alcohol& caffeine, adequate calcium and vit D intake, weight bearing exercise
|
Screenings
1. Abdominal Ultrasound 65-75 y/o., previous smoker (USPSTF, 2014). 2. Alcohol misuse (USPSTF, 2014). 3. 3. FOBT yearly, Colonscopy every 10 years end at 75 years (USPSTF, 2014). 4. FBS for those at risk.BP >135/80 (ADA, 2016). 5. Screen for falls, get up and go test (USPSTF, 2014). 6. Low dose CT-smokers (USPSTF, 2014). 7. DEXA every 2 years is osteoporosis or osteopenia, if WNL q 5. (USPSTF, 2014). 8. Audiology screening, deter mental decline. (LeWine, 2013). Grade I -USPTF 9. Yearly physical, BP, BMI monitoring, depression (USPSTF, 2014). 10. Hepatitis C (USPSTF, 2014). 11. STI/HIV screen if risk (USPSTF, 2014). 12. Latent TB, those at risk (homeless, corrections, counties with high prevalence (USPSTF, 2014). Aspirin use in those with CAD (USPSTF, 2014) Preventive screenings are not recommended if life expectancy is less than 5 years (Spalding &Sebesta, 2008).
|
Support Groups
1. AA meetings (WHO, 2016). 2. Cancer support groups (WHO, 2016). 3. Cardiac rehab (ACC, 2016).
1. Case management or mental health admission for depression (USPSTF, 2014). 2. Refer to physical therapy for strength training if weak/hx of fall (USPSTF, 2014). 3. Disease specific diet teaching, only if applicable (Cardiac, Diabetic, etc.) (USPSTF, 2014).
Prompt diagnosis and monitoring of disease states within practice guidelines
Referrals to specialist care (Pacala, 2013). · Cardiology · Endocrinology · Hematology/oncology · Infectious disease · Gynecology (ETC
Smoking cessation. Discuss changes in disease management strategy such as DM targets (Pacala, 2013). · < 7.5% for otherwise healthy diabetic older patients with a life expectancy of > 10 yr · < 8.0% for patients with comorbidities and a life expectancy of < 10 yr · < 9.0% for frail patients with a limited life expectancy
|
1. Moderate intensity exercise for at least 2 hours and 30 minutes a week and two days a week of muscle strengthening (CDC, 2015). 2. Behavioral counseling for those with alcohol problems (USPSTF, 2014). 3. Encourage weight-bearing exercise to decrease risk of fracture (USPSTF, 2014). 4. Dental exam, eye exams, smoke detectors and seat belt use (Medline Plus, 2017). 5. Smoking cessation counseling (USPSTF, 2014). 6. STI counseling (USPSTF, 2014). 7. Healthful diet if BMI elevated or CVD risk factors (USPSTF, 2014). 8. Use of sunscreen and minimize exposure to ultraviolet radiation (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 9. Educate patient about medications (Woodfruff, 2010). · maintain current list · do not share medication · dispose of old medications · do not share
|
| Age Group | Risk Factors | Primary Prevention Activities | Secondary Prevention Activities | Common Tertiary Prevention Activities
|
Health Promotion Education and Lifestyle Intervention Considerations |
| Over 80
Elderly
|
1. Lack of Exercise (Heflin, 2017).
2. Risk of influenza and pneumococcal disease (Heflin, 2017). 3. Shingles (Heflin, 2017). 4. Cancer (Heflin, 2017). 5. Prostate cancer in men (Heflin, 2017). 6. Colorectal cancer (Heflin, 2017). 7. Breast cancer (Heflin, 2017). 8. Lung cancer (Heflin, 2017). 9. HTN, CAD (Heflin, 2017). 10. Dementia (Heflin, 2017). 11. Depression 12. Vision impairment (Heflin, 2017). 13. Poor nutrition (Heflin, 2017). 14. Falls (Heflin, 2017). 15. Incontinence (Heflin, 2017). 16. Driving impairment (Heflin, 2017). 17. Elder abuse(Heflin, 2017). 18. Multiple medications/ reactions(Heflin, 2017). 19. End of life (Heflin, 2017). 20. Hearing loss (LeWine, 2013). 21. Polypharmacy (Woodruff, 2010).
|
Immunizations
1. Influenza vaccine yearly (CDC, 2017). 2. Td booster (CDC, 2017). 3. Offer HCV if not previously given (CDC, 2017) 4. PCV13 (CDC, 2017). 5. PPCV23 (CDC, 2017). 6. Special Populations: Hep A, HepB, MenACWY/MPSV4, Men B, HIb (CDC, 2017). · Lifestyle Measures to prevent disease Cardiovascular Maintenance of healthy weight, avoidance of trans fat in diet. Cancer Decrease smoked cured meat intake, sunscreen. Osteoporosis Limit alcohol and caffeine, adequate calcium and vit D intake, weight bearing exercise · Hand washing (CDC, 2017). · Healthy eating and physical activity plan (WHO, 2016). |
Screenings
1. DEXA every 2 years is osteoporosis or osteopenia, if WNL q 5y. (USPSTF, 2014). 2. Audiology screening, deter mental decline (LeWine, 2013). 3. Yearly physical, BP and BMI monitoring (USPSTF, 2014). 4. Abuse or Neglect. Monitor if suspect (I recommendation) (USPSTF, 2014). 5. Depression (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 6. Latent TB, those at risk (homeless, corrections, counties with high prevalence (USPSTF, 2014).
Aspirin use in those with CAD (USPSTF, 2014).
Preventive screenings are not recommended if life expectancy is less than 5 years (Spalding &Sebesta, 2008). |
Support Groups
1. AA meetings (WHO, 2016). 2. Cancer support groups (WHO, 2016). 3. Cardiac rehab (ACC, 2016).
Referrals to specialist care (Pacala, 2013). · Cardiology · Endocrinology · Hematology/oncology · Infectious disease · Gynecology (etc).
Prompt diagnosis and monitoring of disease states within practice guidelines
1. Disease specific diet teaching, only if applicable (Cardiac, diabetic, etc.) (USPSTF, 2014). 2. Refer to physical therapy for strength training if weak/hx of fall (USPSTF, 2014). 3. Smoking cessation, changes in disease management strategy such as DM targets (Pacala, 2013). · < 7.5% for otherwise healthy diabetic older patients with a life expectancy of > 10 yr · < 8.0% for patients with comorbidities and a life expectancy of < 10 yr · < 9.0% for frail patients with a limited life expectancy
|
1. Behavioral counseling for those with alcohol problems (USPSTF, 2014). 2. Encourage weight-bearing exercise to decrease risk of fracture (USPSTF, 2014). 3. Smoking cessation counseling (USPSTF, 2014). 4. STI counseling (USPSTF, 2014). 5. Use of sunscreen and minimize exposure to ultraviolet radiation (Collins-Bride, Saxe, Dunderstadt, &Kaplan, 2017). 6. Educate patient about medications (Woodfruff, 2010). · maintain current list · do not share medication · dispose of old medications · do not share
7. Dental exam, eye exams, smoke detectors and seat belt use (Medline Plus, 2017). 8. Healthful diet if BMI elevated or CVD risk (USPSTF, 2014).
|
References
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. (2014). The guide to clinical preventive services 2014. Retrieved from https://www.ahrq.gov/professionals/clinicians-providers/guidelines-recommendations/guide/index.html
American College of Cardiology. (2016). Benefits of cardiac rehabilitation in older adults. Retrieved from http://www.acc.org/latest-in- cardiology/articles/2016/10/19/09/22/benefits-of-cardiac-rehabilitation-in-older-adults
American Diabetes Association. (2016). Standards of medical care in diabetes—2016.
Diabetes Care,39(1), S1-S106.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Adult immunization schedule. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Keep an eye on your vision health. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/features/healthyvision/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). How much physical activity do adults need?
Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/adults/index.htm
Collins-Bride, G.M. & Saxe, J.M. (Eds.) (2017). Clinical Guidelines for Advanced Practice
Nursing: An Interdisciplinary Approach (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett
Healthy People. (2017). Adolescent health. Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/Adolescent-Health
Heflin, M.T. (2017). Geriatric health maintenance. In T. Post (Ed.), UpToDate. Waltham, Mass.: UpToDate. Retrieved from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/geriatric-health-maintenance?source=see_link
Martin, L. J. (2017). Health screening – men – ages 18 to 39. Retrieved from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007464.htm
LeWine, H. (2013). Hearing loss may be linked to mental decline. Retrieved from http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/hearing-loss-may- be-linked-to-mental-decline-201301225824
Pacala, J. T. (2013). Prevention of disease in the elderly. Retrieved from http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/geriatrics/prevention-of-disease-and-disability-in-the-elderly/prevention-of-disease-in- the-elderly
Spalding, M.C. & Sebesta, S. C. (2008). Geriatric screening and preventive care. American Family Physician, 78(2), 206-215. Retrieved from http://www.aafp.org/afp/2008/0715/p206.html
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). (2014). The guide to clinical preventive services 2014. Retrieved from https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/tools-and-resources-for-better-preventive-care
Woodruff, K. (2010). Preventing polypharmacy in older adults. Retrieved from https://www.americannursetoday.com/preventing- polypharmacy-in-older-adults/
World Health Organization. (2016). Adolescents: health risks and solutions. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs345/en/
Health Promotion Assignment
Robert N Scouten
Clarion/Edinboro University
Nursing 640 Clinical Decision Making III
Dr. Donna Falsetti, PHD, CRNP
Health Promotion Assignment
The size of the aging population is growing at a rapid rate globally. This is putting a lot of pressure on healthcare systems are public health resources due to the rising need to meet the health demands of the elderly (Liljas et al., 2017). Older adults, including the oldest old (80 years and older), are at increased risk of developing illnesses that impact negatively on their overall health. Local, state, and national governments are constantly designing and implementing health promotion interventions to reduce the risk of disease among older adults and to enable them to have an improved quality of life (WHO, 2016). The World Health Organization has declared health promotion for older adults a major challenge due to changes in their functional states and due to the fact that their health is significantly influenced by genetic factors as well as issues within their physical and social environments (Liljas et al., 2017). This assignment will provide a comprehensive health promotion plan for men and men and women over 80 years. The plan will include a description of the risk factors found in this population group as well as the primary prevention, secondary prevention, tertiary prevention activities, lifestyle considerations, and health promotion education that can help the population to achieve an improved quality of life. To ensure improved quality of life for men and women over 80 years, healthcare providers need to consider a number of issues related to life expectancy, risk factors, physiological changes, treatment goals, and possible effects of health promotion interventions.
Part I
Risk Factors
A number of risk factors predispose older people over 80 years to diseases. Understanding these risk factors enables healthcare providers to select the most appropriate prevention strategies that will help to prevent disease incidences in both men and men and women over 80 years (Heflin, 2017). Feigelson and Henderson (2020) have categorized diseases risks into three major groups namely; those that confer the highest risk, factors with minimal risk effects, and potential factors that are linked with minimal risks of disease. Among those factors with the highest risk, the authors have listed old age as the factor that presents the biggest health concern. Physiological changes that occur as a person ages cause abnormal transformations in cellular functioning, a factor that increases the chances of disease development. Besides, failure to receive the influenza vaccine has been linked with increased susceptibility to diseases among older adults over 80 years (Heflin, 2017).
Certain factors are linked with increased diseases risks among aging men and women over 80 years. These factors include the lack of physical exercise, overweight, the presence of different types of cancers including breast cancer in women and prostate cancer in men, alcohol and cigarette consumption, foods with high-fat content, lung cancer, and cardiovascular issues such as hypertension (Heflin, 2017). Lack of physical exercise may cause an abnormal weight gain in men and women thereby worsening diseases risk. Besides, any factor that interferes with normal physiological functioning increases the likelihood of disease occurrence in older adults aged above 80 years. Additional risk factors in the elderly over 80 years include dementia, falls, multiple medications for chronic illnesses, vision impairment, poor nutrition, elder abuse, hearing loss, end of life diseases, and driving impairment (Heflin, 2017).
Primary Prevention Activities
Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention activities enhance the achievement of effective health promotion in men and women above 80 years. Feigelson and Henderson (2020) define primary prevention activities as those strategies that are implemented with healthy individuals to reduce and remove factors that increase a person’s or a population’s risk of developing a health problem. With respect to older adults over 80 years, primary prevention strategies are those activities that are aimed at eliminating the risk factors of the disease. For example, engaging in physical activities and stopping personal behaviors such as the consumption of alcohol and cigarette helps to decrease an older person’s chances of developing diseases. Additionally, consuming diets with low-fat content, hand-washing, using sunscreen, and receiving influenza vaccine yearly can eliminate disease risk in men and women over 80 years (CDC, 2017).
Increasing diseases awareness by educating older men and women above 80 years about its risk factors can help the men and women to learn both modifiable and non-modifiable influences to the disease and how to avoid them where possible. Men and women who receive such education can sensitize other men and women of their age group about diseases’ primary prevention thereby reducing disease incidences (Feugelson & Henderson, 2020). Routine diseases awareness educational programs can be established at the community level where it is easier to reach older men and women over 80 years. Notably, such educational programs can be effective when they are well-designed and developed. Besides, when such educational programs are implemented, the healthcare professional should evaluate whether the men and women have understood the risks of diseases, the importance of avoiding them considering their age, and how to avoid them (CDC, 2017).
Secondary Prevention Activities
While primary prevention activities normally target individuals and populations that are at risk as well as those who are not at risk of developing a given health problem, secondary prevention interventions are always targeted to those who are believed to be at risk of developing a particular condition. As reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021), old age is an important risk factor for diseases. Therefore, due to their advanced age, men and women over 80 years fall in the age bracket that is considered to be at increased risk of developing diseases. This population can benefit greatly from secondary prevention activities that are aimed at detecting the likelihood of disease occurrence.
Secondary prevention activities in relation to diseases in men and women older than 80 years comprise obtaining vital signs periodically to monitor physiological performance. The primary aim of secondary prevention, specifically obtaining vital signs such as blood pressure and body mass index (BMI), is to prevent the development of diseases in a healthy population that is believed to be at the greatest risk of acquiring a disease (Kolak et al., 2017). Performing DEXA every 2 years is another secondary prevention activity appropriate for men and women over 80 years (USPSTF, 2014).
Several other secondary interventions are usually employed with aging men and women over 80 years. One of these strategies is performing a TB test. The primary advantage of performing a TB test is that it has the capacity to detect TB in a person early enough before disease symptoms occur. Performing depression screening is the other imaging technique that has been found to be safe in aging men and women who are believed to be at an increased risk of developing diseases (Collins-Bride et al., 2017). Such a test helps to detect the likelihood of depression occurrence. Additional approaches that can be considered include audiology screening as well as abuse or neglect monitoring (USPSTF, 2014).
Mammography is one of the most commonly implemented secondary prevention interventions for breast cancer among older women over 80 years. The recommended frequency for conducting mammography among aging women is once after every two years. Notably, 10 years is the latency period for breast cancer development. That is, it takes 10 years before disease symptoms of breast cancer can start to appear. As reported by Kolak et al. (2017), even as clinicians consider mammography as a secondary prevention strategy for breast cancer in older women, they should remember that the technique has high chances or possibilities of false-detection. False-detection occurs when a mammography scan detects a malign tumor that fails to develop into full symptoms of breast cancer throughout a woman’s lifetime. Besides, even in cases where there is accurate detection of lesions by mammography detection, more than 75% of these lesions may only turn out to be mild forms of breast cancer but not severe forms (Kolak et al., 2017). Despite these observations, mammography tests are still considered the best secondary prevention activities for aging women above 80 years.
Several other imaging techniques are usually employed as screening approaches to detect different types of cancers in aging women and men over 80 years. One of these strategies is ultrasonography. The primary advantage of ultrasonography is that it is non-invasive and does not use ionizing radiation. Despite its low specificity, ultrasonography has the capacity to detect neoplastic lesions in different organs of the body. Besides, it can differentiate between cancerous and non-cancerous lesions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the other imaging technique that has been found to be safe in aging men and women who are believed to be at an increased risk of developing different types of cancers (Kolak et al., 2017).
Tertiary Prevention Activities
Older men and women over 80 years who have already been diagnosed with diseases need tertiary prevention to be able to attain a good quality of life. According to the World Health Organization. (2021), tertiary prevention activities encompass the treatment interventions administered to a person who has already developed disease symptoms. It further reports that diseases treatments should follow evidence-based guidelines. Basically, only those interventions that are supported by research should be applied to treat older men and women aged above 80 years. According to Glaser et al. (2018), a number of tertiary prevention activities have been found to be safe for very old women with breast cancer. The activities include breast-conserving surgery or mastectomy, radiation therapy, endocrine therapy, and chemotherapy. Each of the named interventions has treatment protocols that the clinician needs to adhere to in order to achieve the best quality outcomes.
Referral for specialized care is an essential tertiary prevention intervention appropriate for men and women over 80 years. The type of referral is usually chosen based on the specific health condition that an elderly individual is suffering from at any given time. The types of referral that the healthcare provider can consider making include; cardiology, endocrinology, hematology/oncology, gynecology, and infectious diseases among others (Collins-Bride et al., 2017). Prompt diagnosis and monitoring in accordance with clinical practice guidelines are important tertiary interventions for the oldest adults aged over 80 years. For example, targeted dietary teaching for individuals with diabetes and cardiovascular diseases can help to slow disease progression. Besides, providing walking aids to prevent falls in the elderly who have been diagnosed with depression can help to improve the health outcomes of these individuals. Chemotherapy is usually considered in men and women over 80 years who have metastatic and locally advanced forms of cancers. Due to their advanced age, older men and women above 80 years should be treated with low doses of cytotoxic agents to be able to yield therapeutic benefits (Robles et al., 2016; Shachar et al., 2016).
Part II
Health Promotion Education and Lifestyle Intervention Considerations
Many men and women aged above 80 years normally suffer severe complications from diseases due to limited knowledge regarding the risk factors of the disease, the need for screening, the importance of starting treatment early, and the importance of treatment compliance. Health promotion education aims to increase the knowledge of older men and women regarding disease risk factors, how to avoid them, the importance of diseases screening, how to perform breast self-examination, and the importance of adhering to the recommended treatment regimen (Shachar et al., 2016). When educating men and women aged over 80 years about the risk factors of diseases, the healthcare provider should inform them about those factors that confer the highest, moderate, and minimal risks. Besides, healthy men and women in this age group should be informed that they are at an increased risk of developing diseases considering their advanced age.
Older men and women over 80 years should make a number of lifestyle interventions considerations to remove diseases risks, promote early detection of disease, and achieve a positive quality of life. For example, engaging in physical exercise is one of the primary prevention interventions that have been found to protect older men and women over 80 years from diseases (Feigeloson & Henderson, 2020). In addition to keeping the body active, physical activities prevent abnormal weight gain and minimize the risks of other chronic illnesses that may affect older men and women over 80 years. Since they have been confirmed to be at a high risk of developing diseases, older men and women above 80 years need to be educated that engaging in exercise is one of the best ways to prevent disease occurrence (WHO, 2016). The healthcare provider should teach older men and women how to engage in exercise of moderate intensity for at least 2 hours and 30 minutes a week and two days a week of muscle-strengthening (CDC, 2015). It is important to encourage weight-bearing exercise to decrease the risk of fracture.
Health promotion education should mainly incorporate primary and secondary prevention elements. For example, men and women with alcohol problems should undergo behavioral counseling to enable them to stop using alcohol. Glaser (2018) has reported cases of non-compliance in older men and women aged over 80 years which have been associated with poor quality outcomes. Therefore, the elderly over 80 years should also be taught to feel free to discuss their health problems with their healthcare providers and adhere to the recommended health promotion interventions (Collins-Bride et al., 2017).
The lack of medication compliance, especially in the oldest adults with chronic illnesses, is a public health concern that should be addressed with this population. An important health promotion intervention is to teach them about medications and their associated side effects. Health promotion education should also touch on the need to report any treatment complications and drug side effects to the healthcare provider immediately they occur. Oldest men and women should also be advised to maintain their current medication lists, avoid sharing their medications with others, and dispose all expired medications (Collins-Bride et al., 2017).
Maintaining constant communication with the clinic throughout their lives to achieve an improved quality of life is an important health promotion intervention that people aged over 80 years should be educated about. Besides, involving support groups with diseases survivors can promote learning and motivate others to avoid risk factors, undergo screening, and maintain treatment. Notably, men and women who are implementing primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention activities need to stay stress-free at all times. Therefore, counseling and the use of support groups can help them to attain positive psychological well-being (WHO, 2016).
Teaching about the need to avoid cigarette consumption as well as foods with high-fat content can help to minimize diseases risk in men and women aged above 80 years. Older people over 80 years can either stop the behaviors at once or learn to avoid them gradually over time. A decision to avoid inappropriate lifestyle behaviors should be considered during primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention (CDC, 2021). For example, men and women aged over 80 years should be taught to eat a healthy diet that does not promote abnormal weight gain. Additionally, they should receive counseling related to sexually transmitted diseases and the need to have dental exams, eye exams, smoke detectors, and seat belt use (Collins-Bride et al., 2017). Involving multidisciplinary teams such as healthcare providers and family members can facilitate the achievement of the desired outcomes.
Conclusion
Older men and women aged above 80 years are at increased risk of developing diseases. This assignment has provided a comprehensive health promotion plan for healthy men and women over 80 years at risk of developing health problems. Primary intervention activities are those aimed to eliminate risk factors for diseases, secondary prevention strategies are screening procedures conducted to promote early detection of disease, while tertiary prevention activities are those that target sick men and women to prevent them from suffering severe complications and death. It is important to note that in older men and women over 80 years, primary prevention can only help to address modifiable risk factors such as lack of physical activity, consumption of foods with high-fat content, as well as alcohol and cigarette consumption. Health promotion education and lifestyle interventions should be designed to increase the knowledge of older men and women regarding disease risk factors, how to avoid them, the importance of diseases screening, the benefits of starting treatment early, and the importance of adhering to the recommended health promotion interventions.
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). How much physical activity do adults need? Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/physicalactivity/basics/adults/index.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Adult immunization schedule. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/imz/adult.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Breast cancer. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer/breast/basic_info/risk_factors.htm
Collins-Bride, G.M. & Saxe, J.M. (Eds.) (2017). Clinical guidelines for advanced practice nursing an interdisciplinary approach (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett
Feigelson, H. S., & Henderson, B. E. (2000). Future possibilities in the prevention of breast cancer: Role of genetic variation in breast cancer prevention. Breast Cancer Research 2000 2:4, 2(4), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1186/BCR69
Glaser, R., Marinopoulos, S., & Dimitrakakis, C. (2018). Breast cancer treatment in women over the age of 80: A tailored approach. Maturitas, 110, 29–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATURITAS.2018.01.014
Heflin, M.T. (2017). Geriatric health maintenance. In T. Post (Ed.), UpToDate. Waltham, Mass: UpToDate. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/geriatric-health-maintenance?source=see_link
Kolak, A., Kamińska, M., Sygit, K., Budny, A., Surdyka, D., Kukiełka-Budny, B., & Burdan, F. (2017). Primary and secondary prevention of breast cancer. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 24(4), 549–553. https://doi.org/10.26444/aaem/75943
Liljas, A. E. M., Walters, K., & Jovicic, A. (2017). Strategies to improve engagement of ‘hard to reach’ older people in research on health promotion: a systematic review. BMC Public Health, 17, 349. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4241-8.
Robles, J., Weiss, A., Ward, E., Unkart, J., & Blair, S. (2016). Treatment of breast cancer in women aged 80 and older: A systematic review. Breast Cancer: Current Research, 1:4, 1(4), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.4172/2572-4118.1000115.
Shachar, S. S., Hurria, A., & Muss, H. B. (2016). Diseases in men and women older than 80 years. Journal of Oncology Practice, 12(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1200/JOP.2015.010207
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). (2014). The guide to clinical preventive services 2014. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/tools-and-resources-for-better-preventive-care
World Health Organization. (2016). Adolescents: health risks and solutions. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs345/en/