education

Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Model Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory can be visualized as a series of concentric circles that represent increasingly larger spheres of environmental influence. Loris Malaguzzi Loris Malaguzzi (19201994) founded the municipal early childhood programs in Reggio Emilia, Italy, immediately after the end of World War II; he is therefore known as the father of the […]

Uri Bronfenbrenner Uri Bronfenbrenner (19172005) proposed thinking about the growth of relationships as a multilayered, interactive ecological system of five expanding spheres of influence (Figure 1.2): The microsystem, which includes the environment with which children have the most direct and concrete experience, such as their family, neighborhood, schools and churches. The mesosystem, which consists of

Lev Vygotsky While Piaget’s work continues to have an immeasurable influence on early childhood researchers, teachers, and theorists, Lev Vygotsky (18961934) expanded constructivist theory in ways that also make particular sense to early childhood educators. Vygotsky proposed that cognitive growth was not just the result of individual interactions with materials, as described by Piaget, but

Jean Piaget A contemporary of both Montessori and Dewey, Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (18961980) proposed a theory of cognitive development that initiated a constructivist view of curriculum. Piaget’s experiments with young children (some of them conducted at a modified Montessori school in Geneva, Switzerland) revealed them, during their play, to be active participants in the

Maria Montessori Many of Maria Montessori’s (18701952) ideas are embedded in virtually every early childhood program, and her influence on our thinking about curriculum has been profound (Goffin, 2001; Morrison, 2011). Montessori was the first woman in Italy to earn a medical degree, and she was a tireless child advocate. She insisted that through proper

A Cast of Influential Thinkers Many scientists, theorists, and philosophers have contributed to the current view that children should be respected as individuals in their own right. Further, these thinkers continue to help us understand how children learn and the methods and environments that best encourage the learning process. The following brief profiles describe individuals

1.2 How Did Early Childhood Curriculum Evolve? Prior to the seventeenth century, childhood was not generally considered a distinct phase of the life span. Children who survived the first years of life were quickly incorporated into the work routines that sustained the well-being of the family. However, beginning with the Enlightenment, thinkers like John Locke

Expectations A high-quality comprehensive early childhood curriculum emphasizes global, integrated learning across all areas of development (NAEYC/NAECS/SDE, 2003). However, our knowledge of how children grow and develop across each of the individual developmental domains (cognitive, social-emotional, physical, creative) affects the expectations we have for children of different ages in each of these areas. For example,

Teacher-Child Ratios Young children usually spend their entire day with the same teacher, child-care provider, or small team of teachers, and early childhood educators usually plan for and implement all components of the curriculum. Typically, however, the teacher-child ratio, or the number of children each individual adult is responsible for, increases by age, because we

How Do Curricula Vary within Early Childhood Education? All curricula, including those developed for young children, are designed to complement and support the students for whom they are intended. They include: Stockbyte / Thinkstock A curriculum for infants emphasizes one-on-one interactions between adults and children. A theoretical or philosophical orientation Stated or implied assumptions about