Journal

Based on your reading, discuss the problem caused by imperfect intelligence about a potential adversary’s capabilities and intentions in obtaining and using a WMD. Review the three views given in the textbook of when it is appropriate to take military action in self-defense. Which camp do you fall in? Why?

Your journal entry must be at least 200 words. No references or citations are necessary.

Unit IV Essay

In the textbook, the development of nonproliferation regimes—put in place for WMD starting before the first Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty in 1970 and continuing to the present day—is described in detail. After 50 years of development, however, it is clear that with the advancement of technology, the equipment and materials needed to manufacture WMD have become harder to control—particularly so-called “dual-use technology.” Coupled with that development, nation states are no longer the only level of control that is required to monitor, as terrorist groups like Al-Qaeda and ISIS have obtained the financing and technical know-how to produce these weapons.

One of the ways in which these developments may be countered is by strong private sector industry support in the nonproliferation of the technologies and materials needed for WMD.

In this assignment, discuss how improving the relationship between the private sector and intelligence community will be paramount to preventing WMD proliferation in the 21st century. Include an evaluation of the challenges future global technologies may have on enabling this relationship regarding commercial trading, financial marketing, and private industry competition. What can you do as an emergency manager to improve this relationship and arrive at a workable solution?

In addition,

• explain the dilemmas concerning nuclear proliferation and

• differentiate between the impact of proliferation control regimes and nonproliferation regimes.

Your essay must be at least two pages in length and in APA style. You are required to use at least one outside source. All sources used, including the textbook, must be referenced; paraphrased and quoted material must have accompanying APA citations. Ensure your essay begins with an introduction. A title page is not required but a reference page for sources is.

Week IV study guide is attached for guidance.

(class book)

Howard, R. D., & Forest, J. (2013). Weapons of mass destruction and terrorism (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

Need original and unplagiarized work, please do not accept if cannot return quality work. Please read assignment fully

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Course Learning Outcomes for Unit IV Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:

5. Differentiate between nonproliferation and counterproliferation efforts. 5.1 Explain the dilemmas concerning nuclear proliferation. 5.2 Differentiate between proliferation control regimes and nonproliferation regimes.

8. Evaluate how future technologies will impact the United States and its allies. 8.1 Discuss the impact of regimes. 8.2 Evaluate the global technological challenges regarding commercial trading, financial marketing,

and private industry competition.

Course/Unit Learning Outcomes

Learning Activity

5 Essay

5.1 Chapter 4.1, Lesson, Essay

5.2 Chapter 4.1, Lesson, Essay

8 Essay

8.1 Lesson, Essay

8.2 Essay

Reading Assignment Unit IV: Introduction, pp. 411-416 Chapter 4.1: Strategy and Policy, pp. 417-448 Chapter 4.2: Intelligence, pp. 476-492

Unit Lesson The United States has traditionally been the leader in efforts to establish international regimes intended to limit the spread of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons of mass destruction (WMD). The term regime refers to the vast array of international agreements, national laws, regulations, and policies put in place to prevent the spread of WMD and limit the spread of the dual-use technologies that can be used to manufacture them. These regimes and their member countries work in concert to employ cooperative and coercive measures to promote nonproliferation and counterproliferation objectives. Multinational agreements, bilateral cooperation between strong allies, unilateral political and economic actions, and recourse to military operations are tools used to prevent this spread should it be necessary.

UNIT IV STUDY GUIDE

Responding to the Threat

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The Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime encompasses multiple treaties, extensive multilateral and bilateral agreements, and has multiple organizations working together regarding domestic laws of participating countries. Although there is an international consensus regarding the nuclear arms limitations, India, Pakistan, and North Korea have all taken liberties to develop nuclear weapons and conduct nuclear weapons testing. North Korea, for example, has produced enough plutonium over the past several years to construct at least six nuclear weapons with target range capabilities and is working feverishly on long-range ballistic missiles. Although the nonproliferation regimes have devoted considerable energy into reducing the quantities of nuclear weapons and minimizing the production of nuclear weaponry capabilities, significant steps still remain in an effort to slow or stop the acquisition of such weapons (Howard & Forest, 2013). Some of the major challenges include the following:

 controlling or limiting access to nuclear fuel technologies;

 strengthening the physical protection of all nuclear sources and materials;

 negotiating with nations such as Korea, India, Pakistan, and Iran in an effort to comply with nonproliferation treaties;

 restraining nuclear programs in the Middle East; and

 strengthening international verification and enforcement of the nonproliferation agreements among nations (Howard & Forest, 2013).

One constant included in all of these regimes is the attempt to control exports of sensitive goods and technologies through supplier agreements. This presents an unfortunate dilemma: whether or not to include nations that may not be U.S. allies and that may not have reliable export controls as members. Without adequate controls in place, a breach might occur, resulting in proliferation and rendering the treaties and contracts designed to prevent proliferation futile. There are many reasons why the effectiveness of nonproliferation regimes might be undermined. Nations seek the prestige of nuclear weapons and may attempt to acquire nuclear weapons to improve their regional power position by overcoming a disadvantage in conventional weapons capability. Another factor working against nonproliferation regimes is the steady diffusion of technology over the last 50 years to the point where the growing access to dual-use technology is available for nations or groups to finance and build their own nuclear weapons manufacturing facilities.

U.S. House Foreign Affairs Committee meeting on North Korea nuclear program (C-Span, 2013)

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The 2003 invasion of Iraq exposed the difficulty in accurately accessing a nation’s WMD capabilities and brought forward the debate over when, if ever, a preemptive military action should be undertaken for self- protection. This debate has several factions. The first is the unilateralist camp: This group defends the right of nations to take actions unilaterally to defend themselves against WMD threats—even when there is considerable uncertainty in the timing or maturation of the threat. The second faction, the strict constructionist camp, reads the United Nations Charter self-defense provision narrowly and believes nations should wait for United Nations Security Council authorization or when the threat is imminent before mounting a military operation. The third faction, the reasonable necessity camp, takes a position between the other two and believes a military action is justified when a reasonable nation would conclude a WMD threat is sufficiently likely that forceful measures are necessary. In order to determine if the threat is sufficiently likely, a standard would be developed with objective criteria that would be used to evaluate the direness of the situation prior to making a determination to act. The U.S. State Department currently leads the effort in establishing regimes and treaties aimed at preventing the spread of WMD and establishing sanctions to enforce them. Inside the U.S. State Department, the Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation (ISN) is responsible for managing a broad range of United States nonproliferation polices, programs, agreements, and initiatives. It is organized into 12 different offices to deal with the proliferation of all types of potential WMD (U.S. Department of State, 2017).

 Office of the Biological Policy Staff (BPS): Resolves efforts to countering and preventing a biological

threat

 Office of Conventional Arms Threat Reduction (CATR): Works to curb proliferation of advanced conventional weapons

 Office of Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR): Coordinates diplomatic efforts against terrorist organizations or states acquiring WMD

 Office of Counterproliferation Initiatives (CPI): Works on the security initiatives against WMD shipment and delivery

 Office of Export Control Cooperation (ECC): Assists governments on export/border control

 Office of Missile, Biological, and Chemical Nonproliferation (MBC): Manages to eliminate the proliferation of chemical and biological weapons

 Office of Multilateral Nuclear and Security Affairs (MNSA): Works on variety policies for various nuclear proliferation, security, and cooperation

 Office of Nonproliferation and Disarmament Fund (NDF): Promotes bilateral and multilateral

disarmament programs

 Office of Nuclear Energy, Safety, and Security (NESS): Works to enforce U.S. nuclear policy and programs

 Office of Regional Affairs (RA): Attempts to resolve diplomatic issues for bilateral and regional WMD threats

 Office of Strategic Communications and Outreach (SCO): Coordinates public affairs aspects and legislative affairs

 Office of Threat Reduction (TR): Works toward chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN)

security

 Office of WMD Terrorism (WMDT): Coordinates WMD threat and responsive efforts to CBRN incidents (U.S. Department of State, 2017).

Working together along with the other interagency team members including the intelligence community and the Departments of Defense and Energy, these offices are currently involved in a wide range of issues. These issues include proliferation threats from Iran and Syria, other WMD proliferation issues in North Africa and the Middle East, North Korean denuclearization, strategic dialogues, nuclear issues with China, civil nuclear cooperation and other initiatives with India, proliferation risks emanating from the India/Pakistan region, and enhancing strategic stability and promoting strategic dialogue with India and Pakistan. Listed below in the Suggested Reading section are websites that discuss the development of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons from its beginning in 1970 to the most recent meeting in 2010 (https://www.state.gov/t/isn/npt/index.htm). In addition, you can find a listing of the current nonproliferation regimes for all of the major types of WMD (www.state.gov/strategictrade/resources/c43178.htm) as well as a listing of current sanctions that the United States is participating in (www.state.gov/t/isn/c15231.htm).https://www.state.gov/t/isn/npt/index.htmhttp://www.state.gov/strategictrade/resources/c43178.htmhttp://www.state.gov/t/isn/c15231.htm

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Further complicating the landscape of potential threats is the development, manufacture, and obtainment of WMD that are no longer just the purview of nation states or even rogue nations. There are now well-financed fanatical terrorist groups who seek to obtain them by whatever means necessary. In addition to possessing sufficient funding, groups like Al-Qaeda and ISIS have the technical acumen to produce WMD. All they need is access to the right nuclear materials, chemicals, or biological pathogens to produce them. Clearly, with these developments, global economic and political forces require tighter collaboration between governments and industry. The relationship between the public and private sector has increased importance and paramount means to prevent WMD proliferation. The private sector is necessary when dealing with nuclear capabilities. Managing the selling, developing, and purchasing of such products of devastation requires control. Billions of dollars in product development and product distribution as well as the use of technologies, medicines, and other chemicals are being used yearly. Some of the therapeutic drugs used for patient care have been redirected to other developing nations, such as Iran, in an effort to extract some of the chemicals for constructing nuclear weapons or WMD in general. Based on current trends in international trading, there is an increased likelihood of having a nuclear, bioterrorism, or other form of WMD event. Some of the concerns that are facing the peaceful nations internationally are the increasing growth of foreign direct investments, increases in global trade, the Cold War demobilization, globalized business practices, the spreading of innovation in manufacturing, and the acceleration of movement with goods and services. One of the most important areas to consider regarding proliferation prevention in the 21st century will be gaining an understanding of what the driving elements are in the movement of goods and services throughout the global economies. International governments will have to look at alternative methods that include working alongside one another regarding regulations on technology, pharmaceuticals, and international marketing strategies in a concerted effort to minimize the threats of nuclear and biological attacks or construction of such weaponry. An open dialogue must occur between companies, national and international leaders, and the private sector leadership in order to maintain peaceful relations globally. Understanding demand, the motivations that go along with that demand, and the unmet challenges that are being brought forth globally will be some of the keys to successful collaboration to minimize the threats of proliferation taking place.

References C-Span. (2013). US Congress House Committee Foreign Affairs 2013 – North Korean nuclear program

hearing [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:US_Congress_House_Committee_Foreign_Affairs_2013_- North_Korean_Nuclear_Program_hearing_1.png

Howard, R. D., & Forest, J. (2013). Weapons of mass destruction and terrorism (2nd ed.). New York, NY:

McGraw-Hill. U.S. Department of State. (2009). Our offices. Retrieved from https://2009-

2017.state.gov/t/isn/offices/index.htm

Suggested Reading In order to access the following resources, click the links below. The U.S. Department of State website discusses the Treaty on the Nuclear Nonproliferation of nuclear weapons discussed in the lesson. You are encouraged to review the website below. U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. Retrieved from

https://www.state.gov/t/isn/npt/index.htm The U.S. Department of State website information below on nonproliferation regimes brings into view more information discussed in the lesson. You are encouraged to review the website below. U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). Nonproliferation regimes. Retrieved from

https://www.state.gov/strategictrade/resources/c43178.htmhttps://www.state.gov/t/isn/npt/index.htmhttps://www.state.gov/strategictrade/resources/c43178.htm

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The U.S. Department of State website discusses the nonproliferation sanctions and other valuable information of nuclear weapons discussed in the lesson. You are encouraged to review the website below. U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). Nonproliferation sanctions. Retrieved from

https://www.state.gov/t/isn/c15231.htm The lesson discussed 12 offices which comprise the Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation (ISN) within the U.S. State Department. These 12 offices have various duties and responsibilities for policy and regulations on nonproliferation concerning WMD. You are encouraged to review the U.S Department of State website for more insight. U.S. Department of State. (n.d.). Nonproliferation sanctions. Retrieved from

https://www.state.gov/t/isn/offices/index.htm

Learning Activities (Nongraded) Nongraded Learning Activities are provided to aid students in their course of study. You do not have to submit them. If you have questions, contact your instructor for further guidance and information. Watch the following video segment, and write a one-page response to this question: Can we depend on just the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) to be an effective proliferation deterrent against WMD? Sideways Film (Producer). (2013). IAEA overlooks suspicious actions [Video file]. In U.N. me. Retrieved from

https://libraryresources.columbiasouthern.edu/login?auth=CAS&url=http://fod.infobase.com/PortalPla ylists.aspx?wID=273866&xtid=60231&loid=286596