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WITH MALICE TOWARD NONE For the North, the war produced a still greater hero in Abraham Lin- coln — a man eager, above all else, to weld the Union together again, not by force and repression but by CHAPTER 7: THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION OUTLINE OF U.S. HISTORY 147 warmth and generosity . In […]

GETTYSBURG TO APPOMATTOX Yet none of the Confederate vic- tories was decisive . The Union sim- ply mustered new armies and tried again . Believing that the North’s crushing defeat at Chancellorsville gave him his chance, Lee struck northward into Pennsylvania at the beginning of July 1863, almost reach- ing the state capital at Harrisburg

WESTERN ADVANCE, EASTERN STALEMATE The first large battle of the war, at Bull Run, Virginia (also known as First Manassas) near Washington, stripped away any illusions that vic- tory would be quick or easy . It also established a pattern, at least in the Eastern United States, of bloody Southern victories that never trans- lated

SECESSION AND CIVIL WAR Lincoln’s victory in the presi- dential election of November 1860 made South Carolina’s secession from the Union December 20 a foregone conclusion . The state had long been waiting for an event that would unite the South against the antislavery forces . By February 1, 1861, five more Southern states had

THE 1860 ELECTION In 1860 the Republican Party nominated Abraham Lincoln as its candidate for president . The Repub- lican platform declared that slavery could spread no farther, promised a tariff for the protection of indus- try, and pledged the enactment of a law granting free homesteads to settlers who would help in the open-

LINCOLN, DOUGLAS, AND BROWN Abraham Lincoln had long re- garded slavery as an evil . As ear- ly as 1854 in a widely publicized speech, he declared that all national legislation should be framed on the principle that slavery was to be re- stricted and eventually abolished . He contended also that the princi- ple

A DIVIDED NATION During the 1850s, the issue of slav- ery severed the political bonds that had held the United States together . CHAPTER 6: SECTIONAL CONFLICT OUTLINE OF U.S. HISTORY 137 It ate away at the country’s two great political parties, the Whigs and the Democrats, destroying the first and irrevocably dividing the second

THE COMPROMISE OF 1850 Until 1845, it had seemed likely that slavery would be confined to the areas where it already existed . It had been given limits by the Missouri Compromise in 1820 and had no op- portunity to overstep them . The new territories made renewed expansion of slavery a real likelihood .

TEXAS AND WAR WITH MEXICO Throughout the 1820s, Ameri- cans settled in the vast territory of Texas, often with land grants from the Mexican government . However, their numbers soon alarmed the au- thorities, who prohibited further im- migration in 1830 . In 1834 General Antonio López de Santa Anna estab- lished a dictatorship in

THE ABOLITIONISTS In national politics, Southerners chiefly sought protection and en- largement of the interests represent- ed by the cotton/slavery system . They sought territorial expansion because the wastefulness of cultivating a sin- gle crop, cotton, rapidly exhausted the soil, increasing the need for new fertile lands . Moreover, new territory would establish a basis