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THE LAST FRONTIER In 1865 the frontier line generally followed the western limits of the states bordering the Mississippi Riv- er, but bulged outward beyond the eastern sections of Texas, Kansas, and Nebraska . Then, running north and south for nearly 1,600 kilome- ters, loomed huge mountain ranges, many rich in silver, gold, and other […]

THE DIVIDED SOUTH After Reconstruction, Southern leaders pushed hard to attract indus- try . States offered large inducements and cheap labor to investors to de- velop the steel, lumber, tobacco, and textile industries . Yet in 1900 the re- gion’s percentage of the nation’s in- dustrial base remained about what it had been in 1860

REVOLUTION IN AGRICULTURE Despite the great gains in industry, agriculture remained the nation’s basic occupation . The revolution in agriculture — paralleling that in manufacturing after the Civil War — involved a shift from hand labor to machine farming, and from sub- sistence to commercial agriculture . Between 1860 and 1910, the number of farms

RAILROADS, REGULATIONS, AND THE TARIFF Railroads were especially impor- tant to the expanding nation, and their practices were often criticized . Rail lines extended cheaper freight rates to large shippers by rebating a portion of the charge, thus disadvan- taging small shippers . Freight rates also frequently were not proportion- ate to distance traveled; competition

CORPORATIONS AND CITIES The United States Steel Corpora- tion, which resulted from this merg- er in 1901, illustrated a process under way for 30 years: the combination of independent industrial enterprises 158 into federated or centralized compa- nies . Started during the Civil War, the trend gathered momentum after the 1870s, as businessmen began to

CARNEGIE AND THE ERA OF STEEL Andrew Carnegie was largely re- sponsible for the great advances in steel production . Carnegie, who came to America from Scotland as a child of 12, progressed from bob- bin boy in a cotton factory to a job in a telegraph office, then to one on the Pennsylvania Railroad

TECHNOLOGY AND CHANGE “The Civil War,” says one writer, “cut a wide gash through the history of the country; it dramatized in a stroke the changes that had begun to take place during the preceding 20 or 30 years . . . .” War needs had enor- mously stimulated manufacturing, speeding an economic process based

THE CIVIL WAR AND NEW PATTERNS OF AMERICAN POLITICS CHAPTER 7: THE CIVIL WAR AND RECONSTRUCTION OUTLINE OF U.S. HISTORY 153 The Republicans prosecuted the war with little regard for civil liberties. In September 1862, Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus and imposed martial law on those who interfered with recruitment or gave aid

THE END OF RECONSTRUCTION As time passed, it became more and more obvious that the problems of the South were not being solved by harsh laws and continuing rancor against former Confederates . More- over, some Southern Radical state governments with prominent Af- rican-American officials appeared corrupt and inefficient . The nation was quickly tiring

RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION Both Lincoln and Johnson had foreseen that the Congress would have the right to deny Southern leg- islators seats in the U .S . Senate or House of Representatives, under the clause of the Constitution that says, “Each house shall be the judge of the . . . qualifications of its own mem-