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CONSENSUS AND CHANGE The United States dominated glob- al affairs in the years immediately after World War II . Victorious in that great struggle, its homeland undamaged from the ravages of war, the nation was confident of its mission at home and abroad . U .S . leaders wanted to maintain the dem- ocratic structure […]

THE RISE OF INDUSTRIAL UNIONS CHAPTER 11: THE NEW DEAL AND WORLD WAR II 228 unionizing campaign, rebuilding the UMW’s declining membership from 150,000 to over 500,000 within a year. Lewis was eager to get the AFL, where he was a member of the Execu- tive Council, to launch a similar drive in the mass

WAR, VICTORY, AND THE BOMB The final battles in the Pacific were among the war’s bloodiest . In June 1944, the Battle of the Philippine Sea effectively destroyed Japanese naval air power, forcing the resignation of Japanese Prime Minister Tojo . Gen- eral Douglas MacArthur — who had reluctantly left the Philippines two years before

THE WAR IN THE PACIFIC U .S . troops were forced to surren- der in the Philippines in early 1942, but the Americans rallied in the following months . General James “Jimmy” Doolittle led U .S . Army bombers on a raid over Tokyo in April; it had little actual military significance, but gave Americans

THE NEW DEAL AND WORLD WAR II OUTLINE OF U.S. HISTORY 223 During that time, Benito Mussolini fell from power in Italy . His suc- cessors began negotiations with the Allies and surrendered im- mediately after the invasion of the Italian mainland in September . However, the German Army had by then taken control of

THE WAR IN NORTH AFRICA AND EUROPE Soon after the United States en- tered the war, the United States, Britain, and the Soviet Union (at war with Germany since June 22, 1941) decided that their primary military effort was to be concen- trated in Europe . Throughout 1942, British and German forces fought inconclusive back-and-forth

MOBILIZATION FOR TOTAL WAR The nation rapidly geared itself for mobilization of its people and its entire industrial capacity . Over the next three-and-a-half years, war in- dustry achieved staggering produc- tion goals — 300,000 aircraft, 5,000 cargo ships, 60,000 landing craft, 86,000 tanks . Women workers, ex- 222 emplified by “Rosie the Riveter,” played

JAPAN, PEARL HARBOR, AND WAR While most Americans anxiously watched the course of the European war, tension mounted in Asia . Tak- ing advantage of an opportunity to improve its strategic position, Japan boldly announced a “new order” in which it would exercise hegemony over all of the Pacific . Battling for survival against Nazi

WAR AND UNEASY NEUTRALITY Before Roosevelt’s second term was well under way, his domestic program was overshadowed by the expansionist designs of totalitarian regimes in Japan, Italy, and Ger- many . In 1931 Japan had invaded Manchuria, crushed Chinese resis- tance, and set up the puppet state of Manchukuo . Italy, under Benito Mussolini, enlarged

A NEW COALITION In the 1936 election, Roosevelt won a decisive victory over his Re- publican opponent, Alf Landon of Kansas . He was personally popular, and the economy seemed near re- covery . He took 60 percent of the vote and carried all but two states . A broad new coalition aligned with the