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WHAT INITIATIVE LOOKS LIKE IN A FOUR-YEAR-OLD Briana runs in the door of her child care center, leaving behind her mother, who is still coming up the steps. She flings a hasty “Hi” at the teacher seated by the door, glances at the interesting “science” display set out to capture the interest of the arriving […]

PARTNERING WITH FAMILIES OF TODDLERS Just as you have been seeing examples of professionals partnering with toddlers, so have you been provided examples of how to partner with parents. Janis Keyser (2007) wrote a popular book on how to partner with parents. See Strategy Box 3.2 for more ideas of how to work with parents

COPING WITH LOSS AND SEPARATION Separation issues start in infancy and continue into toddlerhood and beyond; they are never handled once and for all. The infant who has learned to sleep alone may well be- come the toddler who, because new fears arise, balks at going to bed and staying there. Even though a toddler

Children explore and play with objects; they also play with people. They play with adults and with each other, though the classic research by Parten (1932) labeled toddlers as mainly playing parallel to each other rather than with each other. An example of paral- lel play as described and named by Parten is in the

  DEALING WITH ISSUES OF POWER AND CONTROL The behaviors discussed—saying no, exploring the world, learning self-help skills, and gaining a sense of possession—all have to do with issues of power and con- trol. Just as the infant came to experience a sense of power through signaling his needs and satisfying them by means of

Do you think this scenario is focused on toilet training or toilet learning? Goals for families that value independence or interdependence; some families may be a blend of the two Goals for Families That Value Independence Goals for Families That Value Interdependence (mutual dependence) Child is an individual Child is part of a group Child

ADVOCACY IN ACTION ADDRESSING CHILD ABUSE PREVENTION: ONE PERSON CAN MAKE A DIFFERENCE The labels put on this stage by some parents (the terrible twos) and by some experts (the terrific twos) reflect the various ways to look at the behaviors of this stage. M03_GONZ2275_07_SE_C03.indd 46 10/8/15 1:11 PM Supporting Families with Autonomy-Seeking Youngsters 47

SIGNS OF DEVELOPING AUTONOMY What are the behaviors that indicate a child who will one day become a member of society is becoming an autonomous individual who is self- sufficient and self-reliant? Remember that the goal is a healthy, successful, productive member of the community. The most notable toddler behaviors are exploration, self-help skills, and

Figure 2.2 the positive nurturing experiences associated with attachment produce neurotransmitters that give the infant a sense of well-being The work of Lev Vygotsky, at the Institute of Psychology in Moscow, has implica- tions for integration. Vygotsky (1978) created what’s called sociocultural theory, which emphasizes social interaction as an influence on development and learning. His

The American SIDS Institute has a website with information about risk factors and the latest research. Where babies sleep can be a cultural issue. Some cultures value sleeping alone and others don’t, even if they have the space and means to do so. Some cultures aren’t as interested in their children becoming independent individuals as