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According to Cotton Mather, what particular hardships did the colonists suffer? UNDERSTAND, ANALYZE, & EVALUATE 1. According to Cotton Mather, what particular hardships did the colonists suffer? 2. What did Mather mean when he wrote that “now at last the devils [have descended] in person”? 3. What deeper explanation did Cotton Mather offer for New […]

COTTON MATHER ON THE RECENT HISTORY OF NEW ENGLAND (1692) In June 1675, the Wampanoags, led by their chief Metacom whom the English called “King Philip,” joined with Nipmucks, Pocumtucks, and Narragansetts in an attempt to drive out the English settlers and resist any further encroachments upon their land. Stoking Indian resentment as well were

What are some of the reasons historians so often disagree? In South America, Central America, and Mexico, Europeans and native groups lived in intimate, if unequal, contact with one another. Many native people gradually came to speak Spanish or Portuguese, but they created a range of dialects fusing the European languages with elements of their

Why Do Historians So Often Differ? Early in the twentieth century, when the professional study of history was still rela- tively new, many historians believed that questions about the past could be answered with the same certainty and precision as questions in more-scientific fields. By sift- ing through available records, using precise methods of research

What role did Las Casas expect the Spaniards to play on Hispaniola? What did they do instead? Bartolomé de Las Casas, a Dominican friar from Spain, was an early European settler of the West Indies. He devoted much of his life to de- scribing the culture of native peoples and chron- icling the many abuses

What factors might have led these various nations to explore and colonize different areas of the New World? EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND CONQUEST, 1492–1583 This map shows the many voyages of exploration to and conquest of North America launched by Europeans in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Note how Columbus and the Spanish explorers who

HOW THE EARLY NORTH AMERICANS LIVED This map shows the various ways in which the native tribes of North America supported themselves before the arrival of European civilization. The Native Americans survived largely on the resources available in their immediate surroundings. Note, for example, the reliance on the products of the sea of the tribes

The Growth of Civilization The South The most elaborate early civilizations emerged in South and Central America and in Mexico. In Peru, the Incas created the largest empire in the Americas, stretching almost 2,000 miles along western South America. The Incas developed a complex administrative state, an irrigation system, and a large network of paved

Why did opponents of slavery focus first on ending the slave trade, rather than abolishing slavery itself? Caribbean, and North and South America. In the aftermath of the revolutions in America, France, and Haiti, the attack on the slave trade quickly gained momentum. Its central figure was the English reformer William Wilberforce, who spent years

How did Bartolomé de Las Casas characterize the indigenous people of Hispaniola? Bartolomé de Las Casas, a Dominican friar from Spain, was an early European settler of the West Indies. He devoted much of his life to de- scribing the culture of native peoples and chron- icling the many abuses they suffered at the hands