title can be writers choice
Write an essay that demonstrates your critical-thinking (analysis, and assessment of relevance) based upon the content in the report from the Council on Foreign Affairs:
https://cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/the-end-of-world-order-and-american-foreign-policy-csr.pdf
INT 412
Essay-1 Instructions and Rubric
An essay is a focused piece of writing designed to convey information and make clear points. This assignment asks you to write an essay that demonstrates your analyses and critical assessment of the relevance of the assigned reading.
Expository critical essay:
In plain English, this style explains a topic, and critiques it stating facts and providing information that is written in 3rd person.. You inform readers, explaining it through investigation and argumentation in a logical manner.
Suggested analyses strategies:
- Cause/effect:explains the cause of something and how things affect each other within the concept. Here you identify the relations between two subjects, focus on what happened between them, and tell about the effect of that interaction.
- – Compare/contrast essay:they describe the similarities and differences between two or more concepts, places, people, etc.
RUBRIC for Grading
IDEAS
- Does the student answer the assignment given?
- Does the student understand the reading materials?
- Do the student’s explanations of concepts, ideas and examples demonstrate an ability to gather the main points, paraphrase them and apply them?
- Does the student have original interpretations?
- Does the writing demonstrate an understanding of the subject, or does it wander from one subject to the next offering only superficial remarks?
ARGUMENTATION
- Can the reader easily see what the writer’s main point is?
- Does the essay provide a series of points that add up to an argumentation supporting the main point?
- Does the essay continue logically from point to point?
- Does the writer give examples and explanations to support his/her generalizations?
- Does the essay contain contradictions?
STRUECURE AND STYLE
- Is the paragraph structure logical?
- Is the writer’s point of view clear?
- Do the citations and the bibliography follow the scientific standards?
Layout of an essay and length
- On the top of the cover page of you essay you should mark:
- name of the author
- title of the essay
- name and code of the course
- date
- Page length should be 3 – 5 pages (cover and reference pages are in addition to this)
World Order
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Date
World Order
Introduction
The world order that has been in existence after the cold war seems to be ending as a new era is setting in. The world has experienced tremendous changes, due to several factors; COVID-19 is not an exception. Following the end of the Cold war and the collapse of the Soviet Union some three decades ago, a U.S. led world order prevailed, underpinned by American absolute economic and military strengths and relative advantage over others (Blackwill & Wright, 2020). However, at this age of uncertainties and potential transition due to COVID-19 and other challenges, the reign of U.S. foreign policy over the world seems to be coming to an end, demarking the end of world order. This paper provides a critical thinking analysis of the report of the Council on Foreign Relations; The End of World Order and American Foreign Policies.
One must first understand the world before to understand the world today. According to Blackwill & Wright (2020), the world was significantly disturbed in 2019 by COVID-19, something that propelled the council to carry out their project in the fall of 2019. Some of the issues, since Russia’s annexation of Crimea, that demarcated the end of world order include the proliferation of failed states and refugee crises in the Middle East, Brexit, and the election of President Donald J. Trump and other populists. It may also include, the rise of Chinese power and consequently increased rivalry between Washington and Beijing. According to (Blackwill & Wright, 2020), until the emergency of COVID-19, global economic growth was significant and the superpowers of the world were never in the blink of conflict. At least most parts of the world experienced peace and stability, except the Middle East.
Blackwill & Wright (2020) try to differentiate between international order and world order. According to them, international order is an order led by a particular country, often referred to as an empire, however, not all world powers embrace the idea of empire. For example, the world has had Roman, Byzantine, Mongol, Chinese, French, British, Russian, German, and Japanese orders. The international order became very synonymous after World War II led by the United States (Blackwill & Wright, 2020). On the other hand, World order can be defined as the shared understanding among world’s major powers to reduce the chances or possibilities of confrontations from competitors and other adversaries.
The World Order Before COVID-19
Blackwill & Wright (2020) state that Since the early 1990s, the cold war resulted in an aspiring global commonwealth, that again influenced the growth of NATO and led to the transformation of the United Nations, the IMF, the World Trade union, the World Bank, and European Union (EU). The debates regarding the world. Brands, & Gavin (2020) also support by stating that after the cold war and the demise of the Soviet Union, there was a bit of stability in the world. The superpowers cooperated and created a very successful nuclear order based upon their shared interest in reducing or preventing dangers posed by the absolute weapon. The post-World war order was built on bilateral and global arms control treaties, such as the 1963 partial test ban treaty, the 1968 nuclear nonproliferation treaty, and the rest. The unexpected end of the cold war highlighted the successful arrangement of the postwar arrangements and led to a new world order at that time (Brands, & Gavin, 2020). Things happened so quickly; Germany got peacefully reunited, the EU flourished, and democracy emerged around the world.
The United States built and has been at the forefront of reinforcing international or foreign policies to ensure the post-world war order. For instance, the U.S. working through the United Nations built an impressive collaboration, enforced collective security, and expelled Iraq from Kuwait (Brands, & Gavin, 2020). Before COVID-19, the united states found itself in a commanding position in world affairs. According to Blackwill & Wright (2020), just a decade and a half after the cold war, the major non-allied powers largely complied with the U.S. led international order. Even China and Russia chose not to rise against the United State. China specifically operated within the U.S. orders, leading many Americans to believe that China would become a responsible stakeholder in it.
The World Order After the Emergence of COVID-19
It is so unfortunate that COVID-19 brought so much that was anticipated and uncalled for. The thriving economy, declining poverty, world peace, and the commanding power the US had on world affairs seem to have been thwarted by the emergency of COVID-19. According to Blackwill & Wright (2020), Some of these countries, such as Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa. Some people believe that China has made a step towards a totalitarian dictatorship and that President Xi Jinping seems to be in power for life. Some political analysts have recognized the Chinese government as authoritarian (Brands, & Gavin, 2020). Similarly, Russia seems to be moving in the same direction. Additionally, democracy in Brazil and India have been corrupted by the decisions of Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Jair Bolsonaro.
Guardini (2020) supports the above argument above by stating that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected both national and international institutions. He states further that the pandemic has revealed a lack of foresight and anticipation. Worlds politics, submerged in the adversities of the present and its lack of the future, has lost the capability of foresight and reaction. This situation results in an uncertain international society and a vulnerable world. Guardini (2020) states further that the pandemic has led to harsh clashes between allies. Even within the countries, contradictions have erupted, for instance, in Spain, one of the countries that were hit so hard by the pandemic, the president of the region of Catalan government has proclaimed in the international forum that an independent Catalonia would have managed the pandemic much better Guardini, L. (2020). The former U.S. President Donald Trump got into conflict with China, accusing the Chinese authorities of being responsible for the pandemic.
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to changes in international policies. For instance, it has animated governments around the globe to impose sweeping new restrictions on the movement of people. In the pre-COVID-19 era, people could walk with more limited restrictions (Steil, 2020). More than 70 percent of the world’s sea, air, and land ports of entry have restricted access to foreigners. In the US, politicians are now demanding new buy America rules for government health spending. French President Emmanuel Macron is seeking full independence in critical medical supplies (Steil, 2020). Almost ninety countries are now blocking the export of medical goods. These actions are a major departure from the shared understandings of the 1990s. Therefore, it is relevant to note in their report regarding the new world order due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Conclusion
The world is vulnerable to adversities such as pandemics as well as the looming war between different countries. After World War II, the international community, led by the United States, established stable world order. The US policies have ruled over the world government for several decades. However, the emergence of COVID-19 seems to have come along with a new world order, where the US does not have such a commanding power as before. Its effect cuts across all areas. To an extent, the report by the Council on foreign policy is relevant.
References
Blackwill, R. D., & Wright, T. (2020). The end of world order and American foreign policy. Council Special Report No. 86. The Council on Foreign Relation.
Guardini, L. (2020). The world before and after COVID-19: Intellectual reflections on politics diplomacy, and international relations. European Institute of International Studies.
Brands, H., & In Gavin, F. J. (2020). COVID-19 and world order: The future of conflict, competition, and cooperation. Johns Hopkins University Press.
Steil, B. (2020). Models for a Post-COVID US foreign economic policy. https://cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/pdf/steil_covid-19-and-world-order_2020.pdf