Assignment Description:
Synthesis Paper Assignment:
Prepare a one to two paragraph conclusion to your paper. Prepare the abstract section (150-250 words in a block paragraph). The abstract is the 2nd page of the paper and it has its own page. Submit your final paper with all corrections completed. In other words, be sure you review all of your professor’s correction from your previously submitted synthesis papers to ensure this paper is correct. Submit your entire completed paper. The entire synthesis paper will be graded at this time.
The synthesis paper was based on a healthcare topic of your choice. It is in APA format and was completed over several modules. The final synthesis paper will be graded during Module 8. The following components will be included in the paper:
Title page, page #s
Abstract
Body
Introduction paragraph with thesis statement
Literature Review section
Introductory paragraph explaining search parameters and databases used
At least 7 paragraphs, but no more than 12.
At least six scholarly sources (4 journals and 2 websites)
Not simply annotations, but an essay that flows from point to point
Discussion section
Two to five paragraphs that apply the literature review to your topic, drawing conclusions and supporting the thesis statement
May contain practice examples
Conclusion
One to two paragraphs that support and finalize the thesis argument
Reference page
Annotated bibliography
Must contain at least four scholarly literature sources and two credible websites
Must contain annotations
I would also like to focus mostly on TREATMENT AND CURE of Obesity in Adults.
Treatment and Cure of Obesity in Adults
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation
Course
Professor’s Name
Date
Abstract
Globally, obesity is one of the health issues that affect healthcare systems. Even though people understand its causative factors, the rising prevalence of obesity is evident among the U.S. population. For instance, about 95 million U.S. adults are confirmed overweight. The condition triggers health complications including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. While lifestyle modification is the best approach to manage obesity, patients hardly adhere to such recommendations. Therefore, the government hardly actualizes obesity management objectives due to neurohormonal and physiological fluctuations among non-adherent patients. Currently, long-term weight management pharmacological therapies include naltrexone, phentermine, liraglutide, lorcaserin, and orlistat. Even though some individuals prefer drug therapies, physical and psychological interventions such as behavioral therapy, physical activity, and diet supplement antiobesity medications. Physicians also recommend medical devices for long-term and short-term diabetes management. The government introduced digital health programs to improve obesity management in terms of treatment reach and to monitor patient lifestyle modifications. Since obesity increases the healthcare burden, dietary, psychological, physical, and pharmacological interventions are effective to manage the condition among adults.
Treatment and Cure of Obesity in Adults
Introduction
Overweight and its associated health complications is a significant healthcare burden in the United States and across the globe. According to World Health Organization (2021), over 650 million adults are obese worldwide, as adults with a BMI of 30 or more are considered overweight. Obesity triggers chronic illnesses including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (2022), contend that from 2017 to 2018, the obesity prevalence rate in the United States was 42.4%. Likewise, the government spends $147 billion annually to meet overweight-related medical costs (CDC, 2022). However, obesity has complex pathogenesis comprising of epigenetic, genetic, behavioral, medical, physiological, sociocultural, and environmental factors. With the increasing obesity prevalence rate in the U.S., dietary, psychological, physical, and pharmacological interventions are effective to manage the condition among adults.
Literature Review
Besides genetic factors, obesity pathogenesis entails lifestyle and environmental factors. The condition threatens the U.S. adult population and healthcare system due to the medical costs associated with overweight-related complications (Moores, 2020). Hales et al.’s (2018) findings concur with Gadde et al.’s (2018) conclusions that obesity is a complex condition involving direct interaction between genetic, dietary, and environmental parameters. As a result, the study examined geographical and socio-economic parameters linked to obesity. The clinical information was retrieved from Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Embase, and Medline using keywords overweight, body mass index, and obesity. The search criteria included articles published from 2017 to 2022 to capture recent information about the condition. Moreover, credible websites including CDC and WHO provided additional data about obesity in the U.S. Therefore, the research entails a detailed analysis of obesity in adults.
Discussion
Medical research and scientific postulations unveil the causes of obesity. According to Upadhyay et al. (2018), an imbalanced state of calories used and calories consumed initiates obesity. In this case, individuals consuming bigger portions of energy-dense foods risk developing the condition. On the other hand, Kushner and Kahan (2018), reasoned that obesity is a result of environmental, social, physical, and dietary changes associated with a sedentary lifestyle. However, aging is another factor since metabolic processes become slower and the muscle mass reduces as people grow older. The other causes of obesity among adults include pregnancy, lack of enough sleep, and genetics (Wang et al., 2020). Moreover, health conditions including osteoarthritis, hypothyroidism, Cushing syndrome, Prader-Willi syndrome, and polycystic ovary syndrome also stimulate weight gain. Therefore, an increase in body mass index compromises an individual’s health status as it causes obesity.
Since the disease affects the adult population, early diagnosis is key for effective management. Body mass index (BMI) measurements are the main diagnostic approach (Moores, 2020). The procedure entails analyzing weight and height measurements to establish overweight status during clinical practices. However, the risk of developing obesity comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease could be obtained through waist circumference measurement (Wadden et al., 2020). In addition, detailed obesity and overweight assessment encompass examining a patient’s medical, physical, and family history. Besides skinfold thickness tests, physicians conduct ultrasounds, MRI, and CT scan to ascertain body fat distribution (Gadde et al., 2018). BMI measurement detects obesity and signals individuals to consider overweight management practices.
Lifestyle interventions are effective for patients with obesity. According to Wadden et al. (2020), successful weight loss management require a commitment for at least six months. Dietary modification as the first approach entails the intake of a calorie-reduced diet. In this case, patients take portion-controlled foods to shed off excess weight. Secondly, physical activity helps the body burn excess fats, thus, it facilitates weight management (Upadhyay et al., 2018). As a result, group or individual sessions empower patients with obesity to adhere to physical activity and dietary recommendations. Despite the increasing prevalence of obesity, weight loss applications promote self-monitoring by giving patients daily physical activity and dietary updates (Moores, 2020). While physical activity is recommended, strenuous exercises trigger adverse health effects. For that reason, follow-up sessions are vital to achieve long-term weight loss management objectives and to overcome challenges that emerge after the first year. Therefore, physical activity and dietary recommendations are necessary for healthy body weights.
Drug therapies facilitate the treatment of obesity in adults. Gadde et al. (2018) contended that pharmacotherapy is appropriate for patients having BMI exceeding 30kg/m2 with a family history of obesity. Besides, the drugs are beneficial to persons who encounter weight management challenges with lifestyle modification strategies. However, patients should be informed about the medications to understand their adverse and beneficial effects. Antiobesity prescriptions recommended for short-term use in the United States include benzphetamine, phendimetrazine, diethylpropion, and phentermine (Upadhyay et al., 2018). Even though phentermine is easy to use and low cost, it triggers adverse effects such as insomnia, constipation, and dry mouth. Likewise, despite having FDA approval, orlistat side effects include bowel urgency, gas production, and bowel movements (Gadde et al., 2018). Healthy lifestyle recommendations and antiobesity prescriptions facilitate effective weight management.
Overall, obesity is a multifactorial condition comprising environmental, dietary, and genetic components. In addition to compromising the quality of life, obesity causes chronic illnesses including cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes. The obesity prevalence rate rises as individuals ignore lifestyle and therapeutic recommendations to regulate overweight. Therefore, weight loss management approaches are appropriate to reduce obesity-related complications that burden the healthcare system. Since obesity burdens the healthcare system and affects the economy, the government should implement effective legislation promoting healthy lifestyle modifications among the population.
References
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2022). Adult Obesity Facts. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html
Gadde, K. M., Martin, C. K., Berthoud, H. R., & Heymsfield, S. B. (2018). Obesity: pathophysiology and management. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 71(1), 69-84.
Hales, C. M., Fryar, C. D., Carroll, M. D., Freedman, D. S., & Ogden, C. L. (2018). Trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence in US youth and adults by sex and age, 2007-2008 to 2015-2016. Jama, 319(16), 1723-1725. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.3060
Kushner, R. F., & Kahan, S. (2018). Introduction: The state of obesity in 2017. Medical Clinics, 102(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.003
Moores, D. (2020, July 31). Obesity. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/obesity#complications
Upadhyay, J., Farr, O., Perakakis, N., Ghaly, W., & Mantzoros, C. (2018). Obesity as a disease. Medical Clinics, 102(1), 13-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2017.08.004
Wadden, T. A., Tronieri, J. S., & Butryn, M. L. (2020). Lifestyle modification approaches for the treatment of obesity in adults. American Psychologist, 75(2), 235. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000517
Wang, Y., Beydoun, M. A., Min, J., Xue, H., Kaminsky, L. A., & Cheskin, L. J. (2020). Has the prevalence of overweight, obesity, and central obesity leveled off in the United States? Trends, patterns, disparities, and future projections for the obesity epidemic. International Journal of Epidemiology, 49(3), 810-823. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz273
World Health Organization. (2021). Obesity and Overweight. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight