Equal opportunity
The teacher establishes some sort of system (calling sticks or name cards, for example) so that students know they will each be called on sooner or later, and perhaps at any time. Students also know that they’re not off the hook once they are called on and could be called on again at any time.
9. Random order Students are called on out of sequence of their seating pattern so they can’t predict when it will be their turn and therefore have to be alert.